Ubumenyi ku bijyanye no gusaza kwa rubber

1. Gusaza kw'ibara ry'umukara ni iki? Ibi bigaragaza iki hejuru?
Mu gihe cyo gutunganya, kubika no gukoresha rabha n'ibiyikomokaho, bitewe n'imikorere y'ibintu by'imbere n'inyuma, imiterere y'umubiri n'iya chimique ndetse n'imiterere y'imikorere ya rabha igenda igabanuka buhoro buhoro, amaherezo igatakaza agaciro kayo. Iyi mpinduka yitwa gusaza rabha. Ku buso, igaragara nk'imiturire, gufatana, gukomera, koroha, gushwanyagurika, guhinduka ibara, no gukura kwa mildew.
2. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku gusaza kw'ibumba?
Ibintu bituma rubber isaza ni ibi bikurikira:
(a) Ogisijeni na ogisijeni biri muri rubber bihura n’uruhererekane rw’ibintu bihinduka uturemangingo tw’urubber, kandi uruhererekane rw’ibintu bihinduka cyangwa bigahuza cyane, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu miterere y’urubber. Ogisijeni ni imwe mu mpamvu z’ingenzi zituma rubber isaza.
(b) Imikorere ya ozone na ozone mu binyabutabire iri hejuru cyane kurusha iya ogisijeni, kandi irushaho kwangiza. Inaca urukurikirane rw'ibinyabutabire, ariko ingaruka za ozone ku rubu ziratandukanye bitewe n'uko rubu yangiritse cyangwa idahindutse. Iyo ikoreshejwe ku rubu yangiritse (cyane cyane rubu idafite amazi), imiyoboro igororotse igaragara ku cyerekezo cy'ibikorwa byo guhangayika, ni ukuvuga icyo bita "ozone crack"; iyo ikoreshejwe ku rubu yangiritse, ni icyuma cya okiside gusa kibaho hejuru kidacitse.
(c) Ubushyuhe: Kuzamura ubushyuhe bishobora gutera gucikagurika k'ubushyuhe cyangwa guhuza ubushyuhe. Ariko ingaruka z'ibanze z'ubushyuhe ni ugukora. Kunoza umuvuduko w'umwuka wa ogisijeni no gukora ogisijeni, bityo bikihutisha umuvuduko w'umwuka wa ogisijeni, ari ikintu gikunze kugaragara mu gusaza - gusaza k'umwuka wa ogisijeni mu bushyuhe.
(d) Umucyo: Uko urumuri rugufi, ni ko ingufu ziba nyinshi. Kwangirika kwa rubber ni imirasire ya ultraviolet ifite ingufu nyinshi. Uretse kuba itera guturika no guhuza uruhererekane rw'uruhererekane rw'ururabyo, imirasire ya ultraviolet ikora radicals yigenga bitewe no kwinjiza ingufu z'ururabyo, ibyo bikaba ari byo bitangira kandi bikihutisha inzira yo gukora oxidation chain reaction. Umucyo wa ultraviolet ukora nk'ubushyuhe. Ikindi kiranga ibikorwa by'ururabyo (bitandukanye n'ibikorwa by'ubushyuhe) ni uko bibaho cyane cyane ku buso bwa rubber. Ku ngero zifite kole nyinshi, hazabaho uduce tw'urusobe ku mpande zombi, ni ukuvuga ibyo bita "uduce tw'inyuma tw'ururabyo".
(e) Imihangayiko ya mekanike: Mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bisubirwamo by’imihangayiko ya mekanike, uruhererekane rwa molekile rwa rubber ruzacikamo ibice kugira ngo rukore radicals yigenga, izatera oxidation chain reaction maze ikore imikorere ya mechanochemical. Gucikamo iminyororo ya molekile no gukora oxidation. Iyo ifite imbaraga zisumba izindi biterwa n’imiterere ishyirwamo. Byongeye kandi, biroroshye gutera ozone gucika bitewe n’ibikorwa bya stress.
(f) Ubushuhe: Ingaruka z'ubushuhe zifite ibice bibiri: umukara uhita wangirika byoroshye iyo uhuye n'imvura mu kirere gishushye cyangwa winjijwe mu mazi. Ibi biterwa nuko ibintu bishonga mu mazi n'amatsinda y'amazi meza muri umukara bikurwamo amazi akabishonga. Biterwa na hydrolysis cyangwa kwinjiza amazi mu kirere. Cyane cyane iyo amazi yinjijwe mu mazi kandi agahura n'ikirere, kwangirika kwa mukara bizihuta. Ariko rimwe na rimwe, ubushuhe ntibungiza umukara, ndetse bukagira n'ingaruka zo gutinda gusaza.
(g) Ibindi: Hari ibidukikije bya shimi, iyoni z’icyuma zihinduka, imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi, amashanyarazi na biology, nibindi, bigira ingaruka ku rubura.
3. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'uburyo bwo gupima ubusaza bwa rubber?
Ishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri:
(a) Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza karemano. Bugabanyijemo kabiri ikizamini cyo gusaza mu kirere, ikizamini cyo gusaza cyihuta mu kirere, ikizamini cyo gusaza mu bubiko karemano, ibidukikije karemano (harimo n'ubutaka bushyinguwemo, nibindi) n'ikizamini cyo gusaza mu buryo bw'ibinyabuzima.
(b) Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza bwihuse bw'ubukorano. Ku gusaza kw'ubushyuhe, gusaza kwa ozone, gusaza kw'ifoto, gusaza kw'ikirere cy'ubukorano, gusaza kw'ifoto-ozone, gusaza kw'ibinyabuzima, imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi n'ingufu z'amashanyarazi, hamwe no gusaza kw'ibinyabutabire.
4. Ni ubuhe bushyuhe bukwiye gutoranywa mu isuzuma ry’ubushyuhe bw’umwuka ku bintu bitandukanye bya rubber?
Ku rubunda karemano, ubushyuhe bw'ikizamini ubusanzwe ni 50~100℃, ku rubunda rw'ubukorikori, ubusanzwe ni 50~150℃, kandi ubushyuhe bw'ikizamini ku rubunda zidasanzwe ni bwinshi. Urugero, rubunda ya nitrile ikoreshwa kuri 70~150℃, naho rubunda ya silikoni ya fluorine ikoreshwa kuri 200~300℃. Muri make, igomba kugenwa hakurikijwe ikizamini.