Rubber ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bya polymeri bifite uburebure bwo hejuru, iyo bikozwe n'imbaraga nto zo hanze, bishobora kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwangirika cyane, kandi nyuma y'uko imbaraga zo hanze zikuweho, bishobora gusubira mu miterere yabyo ya mbere. Bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwa rubber, ikoreshwa cyane mu gupfuka, kudashyuha, gufunga ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, nibindi. Ikoreshwa mu nganda zicapa ririmo imigozi itandukanye ya rubber n'amashuka yo gucapa. Uko inganda zikora rubber zateye imbere, ibicuruzwa bya rubber byateye imbere kuva ku ikoreshwa rimwe rya rubber karemano kugeza ku bwoko butandukanye bwa rubber zikoze mu buryo budasanzwe.
1. Rubber isanzwe
Rubber karemano yiganjemo karuboni (polyisoprene), irimo poroteyine nke, amazi, aside resin, isukari n'imyunyu ngugu. Rubber karemano ifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera, imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika no gukingira amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika no kudashira, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya neza, rubber karemano yoroshye gufatana n'ibindi bikoresho, kandi imikorere yayo muri rusange ni myiza kurusha rubber nyinshi za sintetike. Ingorane za rubber karemano ni ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya ogisijeni na ozone, bworoshye gusaza no kwangirika; ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya amavuta n'ibintu bisukura, ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya aside na alkali, ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya ingese; ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe bw'urubber karemano: hafi -60℃~+80℃Rubber karemano ikoreshwa mu gukora amapine, inkweto za rubber, imiyoboro, kaseti, urwego rwo kwirinda ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho by'insinga n'insinga, n'ibindi bicuruzwa rusange. Rubber karemano ikwiriye cyane cyane mu gukora ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe mu isanzure, ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe mu moteri, ibikoresho bishyigikira imashini, ibikoresho byo guhagarika rubber-metal, diaphragms, n'ibindi bikoresho bikozwe mu ibumba.
2. SBR
SBR ni copolymer ya butadiene na styrene. Imikorere ya rubber ya styrene-butadiene ingana n’iya rubber karemano, kandi ubu ni yo rubber ikora cyane ikoreshwa muri rusange. Ibiranga rubber ya styrene-butadiene ni uko idashira, idasaza kandi idashyuha kurusha rubber karemano, kandi imiterere yayo irangana kurusha rubber karemano. Ingaruka mbi za rubber ya styrene-butadiene ni: kudakomera cyane, kudakomera neza no kudacika; kudakora neza, cyane cyane kudafata neza no kudakomera cyane. Ubushyuhe bwa rubber ya styrene-butadiene: hafi -50℃~+100℃Rubber ya Styrene butadiene ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusimbuza rubber karemano mu gukora amapine, amashuka ya rubber, imiyoboro, inkweto za rubber n'ibindi bikoresho rusange.
3. Rubber ya nitrile
Rubber ya Nitrile ni copolymer ya butadiene na acrylonitrile. Rubber ya Nitrile irangwa no kudahangana neza na lisansi na aliphatic hydrocarbon oil, ikaba iya kabiri nyuma ya polysulfide, acrylic ester na fluorine, mu gihe rubber ya Nitrile irusha izindi rubber zikoreshwa muri rusange. Idahangana neza n'ubushyuhe, idafata umwuka neza, idapfa kwangirika no kudafata amazi, kandi ifatana neza. Ingaruka mbi za rubber ya Nitrile ni kudahangana neza n'ubukonje no kudahangana na ozone, kudakomera no guhindagurika, kudahangana neza na aside, kudahangana neza n'amashanyarazi, no kudahangana nabi n'ibinyabutabire bya polar. Ubushyuhe bwa rubber ya Nitrile: hafi -30℃~+100℃Rubber ya Nitrile ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibintu bitandukanye birwanya amavuta, nk'imiyoboro, ibikoresho byo gufunga, imigozi ya rubber, nibindi.
4. Rubber ya nitrile ivanzwe na hydrogenated
Rubber ya nitrile ivangwa na hydrogen ni copolymer ya butadiene na acrylonitrile. Rubber ya nitrile ivangwa na hydrogenation yuzuye cyangwa igice cy'imigozi ibiri muri butadiene ya NBR. Rubber ya nitrile ivangwa na hydrogenation irangwa n'imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike no kudashwanyagurika, kudashyuha ni byiza kuruta NBR iyo ihujwe na peroxide, kandi indi miterere ni imwe na nitrile. Ingorane ya rubber ya nitrile ivangwa na hydrogenation ni igiciro cyayo kiri hejuru. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwa rubber ya nitrile ivangwa na hydrogenation: hafi -30℃~+150℃Rubber ya nitrile ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bifunga birwanya amavuta kandi birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.
5. Umupira wa ethylene propylene
Rubber ya ethylene propylene ni copolymer ya ethylene na propylene, kandi muri rusange igabanyijemo rubber ebyiri za ethylene propylene na rubber eshatu za ethylene propylene. Rubber ya ethylene-propylene irangwa no kurwanya ozone neza, kurwanya ultraviolet, kurwanya ikirere no kurwanya gusaza, ikaba iya mbere mu mipira ikoreshwa muri rusange. Rubber ya ethylene-propylene ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, kurwanya imiti, uburinganire, kurwanya aside na alkali, imbaraga nkeya, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzuza byinshi. Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe bushobora kugera kuri 150°C, kandi irwanya solvents za polar - ketones, esters, nibindi, ariko ethylene propylene rubber ntirwanya aliphatic hydrocarbons na aromatic hydrocarbons. Indi miterere ya ethylene propylene rubber ni ntoya gato ugereranyije na karemano kandi iruta styrene butadiene rubber. Imbogamizi ya ethylene-propylene rubber ni uko idafata neza kandi ifatana neza, kandi ntibyoroshye gufatana. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwa ethylene propylene rubber: hafi -50℃~+150℃Rubber ya ethylene-propylene ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ibikoresho bya shimi, insinga n'insinga, umuyoboro w'umwuka, umukandara urinda ubushyuhe, ibikoresho bya rubber by'imodoka n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'inganda.
6. Rubber ya silikoni
Rubber ya silikoni ni rubber yihariye ifite atome za silikoni na ogisijeni mu mugozi mukuru. Igice cya silikoni kigira uruhare runini muri rubber ya silikoni. Ibiranga rubber ya silikoni byombi ni ukudakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi (kugeza kuri dogere 300).°C) no kudahangana n'ubushyuhe buri hasi (hasi -100°C). Ubu ni yo rubber nziza cyane irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi; icyarimwe, rubber ya silicone ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi kandi irakomeye ku bushyuhe na ozone. Irakomeye cyane kandi ntigira imiti. Ingaruka mbi za rubber ya silicone ni imbaraga nke za mekanike, irakomeye ku mavuta, irakomeye ku birungo, irakomeye ku birungo, irakomeye ku birungo, kandi irahenze cyane. Ubushyuhe bwo gukoresha rubber ya silicone: -60℃~+200℃Rubber ya silikoni ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibintu birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubukonje (imiyoboro, imitako, nibindi), hamwe no gukingira insinga n'insinga birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Kubera ko idahumanya kandi nta buryohe ifite, rubber ya silikoni ikoreshwa no mu nganda z'ibiribwa n'ubuvuzi.
7. Rubber ya polyurethane
Rubber ya polyurethane ifite elastomer ikorwa na polymerization ya polyester (cyangwa polyether) na diisocyanate. Rubber ya polyurethane irangwa no kudashira neza, ikaba ari yo nziza mu bwoko bwose bwa rubber; rubber ya polyurethane ifite imbaraga nyinshi, ubushobozi bworoshye bwo kwangirika no kudashira neza mu mavuta. Rubber ya polyurethane nayo ni nziza mu kudashira neza mu kirere, kudashira neza, no kudashyira umwuka mu kirere. Ingaruka mbi za rubber ya polyurethane ni ukudashira neza mu bushyuhe, kudashira nabi mu mazi no mu bintu bya alkali, no kudashira nabi mu binyabutabire bihumura neza, hydrocarboni za chlorine, n'ibintu bishongesha nk'ibinyabutabire, esters, na alcohol. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwa rubber ya polyurethane: hafi -30℃~+80℃Rubber ya polyurethane ikoreshwa mu gukora amapine yegeranye n'ibice, gasket, ibikoresho bidapfa gushya, roller za rubber, hamwe n'ibikoresho bya rubber bidapfa kwangirika, bikomeye kandi birwanya amavuta.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-07-2021
